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EMBRACE Glossary of Terms

Introduction

As with any well-founded research project, EMBRACE will gain credibility and usefulness from expressing and referencing clear and well described definitions of the phrases and terms used within its outputs.

Well researched and resourced efforts have been deployed across the Disaster Resilience sector and would be wasted effort for this project to attempt to recreate them. It is also important that the project recognises and values the need for a common nomenclature across the Disaster Risk Resilience sector whenever possible. Such an approach will ensure both the shared comprehension of principles and the interoperability of outcomes and products.

It is not in the interests of EMBRACE to redefine or re-invent perfectly usable and accepted professional terms and definitions. For this reason, the Project partners have accepted a professional baseline known as the ‘Base Glossary’ suite of definitions founded largely (but not exclusively) on the work of the following;

  • International Standards Organisation (ISO)
  • United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR), formerly known as UNISDR and
  • the International Federation of Red Cross & Crescents (IFRC).

This ‘Base Glossary’ of terms is the outcome of a project-specific standardisation/alignment activity that was implemented to ensure a common and sound language between researchers working on EMBRACE and for the purpose of supporting focused and comprehensive communication efforts within the project consortium and with external stakeholders.

A second component of the glossary developed is the ‘Project Glossary’. This includes those terms and phrases that are either;

  • previously used in Horizon-funded research projects
  • new to the Disaster Resilient Societies world due the specialist activities of EMBRACE or,
  • accepted terms from the Base Glossary which need ‘flexing’ to fit the activities and context of our work.

The Project Glossary is ongoing and should be considered as ‘work in progress’. It will be kept live for the entire duration of the project as it proposes new entries, stresses and tests its own explanations and definitions. At any given time, the terms and phrases used will range from those receiving a consensus across the project to those that are desired but are immature in development. The Project Glossary will become increasingly credible as time progresses and will be completed for publication towards the final stages of the project.

At this stage of the project, the majority of terms presented have been identified through the research efforts employed through Work Package 2, creation of the Biotoxin Task Force.

It is expected that terms may be removed or newly defined as the project continues. To conclude on the currency of data, please observe the Document history.

The EMBRACE Project is keen to deliver value beyond its original remit, in particular to other projects operating within the same Call area for Disaster Resilient Societies, particularly those represented in the CBRNe and Standardisation Cluster of projects known as CSTAC. This will be achieved through developing and sharing the ‘Base Glossary’ contributed to by all relevant projects in the call and by sharing the evolving EMBRACE ‘Project Glossary’ to avoid duplication and encourage academic consideration and challenge of the definitions or meanings selected.

 


A

Absorbed radiation dose
The absorbed radiation dose corresponds to the energy transferred by a radiation into the matter. The measurement unit is gray, symbol Gy. 1 Gy = 1 joule per kilogram.
Acetyl cholinesterase
An enzyme that enables nerve signal transductions. The action of this enzyme is inhibited by nerve agents.
Activity, RN
The activity of an object is the number of radioactive disintegrations per second. The unit of activity is Becquerel, symbol Bq.
Acute illness
Is a disease with an abrupt onset and usually a short course.
ADR Classes / Classes of dangerous goods
Dangerous goods can be classified according to the primary hazards arising from the substance. This ADR scheme (Accord européen relatif au transport international des marchandises Dangereuses par...
AEGL
Acute Exposure Guideline Levels. AEGL values represent toxicologically substantiated ceiling exposure levels for different relevant exposure periods (10 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 4 hours, 8 hours...
Aerosol
A suspension in a gaseous medium of small solid or liquid particles. A gaseous / solid Aerosol is referred to as dust, smoke or fume, a gaseous / liquid one as a mist. Aerosols have negligible...
Affected
People who are affected, either directly or indirectly, by a hazardous event. Directly affected are those who have suffered injury, illness or other health effects; who were evacuated, displaced,...
Affiliated volunteer
Individual, who is affiliated with an existing incident response organization or voluntary organization but who, without extensive preplanning, offers support to the response to, and recovery from,...
Aggravating factor
Describes the increase of the observed pathological phenomenon.
Agroterrorism
The deliberate malicious introduction of an animal or plant disease either against livestock/crops or into the food chain with the goal of generating fear, causing economic losses by disruption or...
Alpha particle
The alpha particle emitted by a radioactive element is a nucleus of a Helium atom, containing two neutrons plus two protons. In general, external alpha contamination is not a critical danger as a few...
Ammonia
Colourless, pungent-smelling, toxic, lachrymatory gas.
Annual limit of intake
The Annual Limit of Intake (ALI) is the derived limit for the amount of radioactive material taken into the body of an adult worker by inhalation or ingestion in a year. The values for intake by...
Anthrax
See: Bacillus anthracis
Antidote
A drug (with known mechanism of action) given to an intoxicated patient to counteract the toxic effects by modifying the toxicokinetics or toxicodynamics of the poison, and whose administration...
Argus
General rapid alert system of the JRC EU CBRNe Glossary. Internal communication network and specific coordination process covering multisectoral crises. The Directorates General of the Commission...
Assembly point
Or support and information point. A place where evacuees can gather in order to get further information, await directions for transport to rest centres or other destinations, and also for family...
Asymptomatic
A disease is considered asymptomatic if the host (human, animal or plant) is a carrier of the disease or infection but experiences or shows no symptoms.
Atom
The smallest part of any material that cannot be broken up by chemical means.
Atomic Energy
Energy released in nuclear reactions.
Atomic Number
The number of protons in a nucleus of an atom.
Awareness
Awareness is the state or ability to perceive, to feel, or to be conscious of events, objects or sensory patterns. In biological psychology, awareness is defined as a human's or an animal's...

B

Bacteria
Living single cell organisms capable of reproducing themselves, many of them are capable to induce disease in humans, animals or plants
Basel Convention
Basel Convention – 1989 – UN - Regulates the ‘environmentally sound management’ (ESM) of hazardous and other wastes during their whole life-cycle. Parties inform each other of transboundary movements...
Becquerel
A measure of the activity of a radioactive element. Symbol Bq, where 1 Bq = 1 disintegration per second. See also Activity RN, Units RN
Best Practice
This encompasses the preferred actions in a specific type of situation to efficiently and effectively achieve a certain objective. Best Practice may be formalised in internal policy documents such as...
Beta particle
An electron or positron which has been emitted by an atomic nucleus in a nuclear transformation. Most beta particles can be stopped by a few millimeters of aluminum or glass. See: Decay
Binary device
Or multicomponent device, chemical weapon or system, filled with relatively non-toxic initial substances (precursors).
Biocrime
A deliberate act of assault directed at a person. It is similar to an assault crime, except that instead of a conventional weapon, a pathogen or toxin is used.
Biodefense
Refers to short term, local, very robust biohazard response, which comprises the means or methods of preventing, detecting, or managing an attack involving biological weapons and measures of...
Biohazard/biological hazard
Infectious agents or hazardous biological materials that present a risk or potential risk to the health of humans, animals, plants, or the environment.
Biological agent
Biological agents shall mean micro-organisms (includes genetically modified organisms), cell cultures and parasites, some of them may be able to provoke any infection, allergy or toxicity in humans,...
Biological safety laboratory
Or BSL, a facility within which microorganisms, their components or their derivatives are collected handled and/or stored. Biological laboratories include clinical laboratories, diagnostic facilities...
Biological warfare
The deliberate use of disease-producing microorganisms, toxic biological products, or organic biocides by either nations or non-governmental bodies to induce death or disabilities in humans and/or...
Biopreparedness
Biological all-hazard approach covering a broad scope of activities relating to the protection of humans, animals and/or plants health
Biorisk
Biorisk is the combination of the probability of occurrence of a particular adverse event leading to harm and the severity of that harm where the source of harm is a biological agent. The source may...
Biosafety
Measuring assembly (containment principles, technologies and practices) that are implemented to prevent the unintentional exposure to pathogens and toxins, or their accidental release
Biosecurity
Measuring assembly (access control, security procedures) to reduce the risk of transmission of infectious diseases and invasive alien species and to prevent the malicious use of dangerous pathogens,...
Biosecurity hazard
Any hazard posing a risk to the biosecurity concept
Bioterrorism
The intentional release or dissemination by terrorist of biological agents (bacteria, viruses, or toxins) to cause fear, illness or death in people, animals or plants and/or disrupting social,...
Blister agent
Chemical agent that causes blistering of the skin as well as severe skin, eye and mucosal pain and irritation. Larger doses can cause death
Blood Agent
Chemical agents that injure a person by interfering with cell respiration (the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and tissues). This is a descriptive term for the cyanides.
Boiling Point
Temperature at which a substance starts to change from the liquid into the gaseous physical state.
BTWC
BTWC - Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction – (1972) Microbial, biological agents,...
Build Back Better
The use of the recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction phases after a disaster to increase the resilience of nations and communities through integrating disaster risk reduction measures into the...
Building Code
A set of ordinances or regulations and associated standards intended to regulate aspects of the design, construction, materials, alteration and occupancy of structures which are necessary to ensure...
BWC ISU Website
BWC ISU Website – with data on national biological defence research, outbreaks of infectious diseases, contacts, vaccine production facilities. Restricted access. It is updated via CBMs (Confidence...

C

Capability
The means to accomplish one or more tasks under specific conditions.
Capacity
The combination of all the strengths, attributes and resources available within an organization, community or society to manage and reduce disaster risks and strengthen resilience.
Capacity Assessment
The process by which the capacity of a group, organization or society is reviewed against desired goals, where existing capacities are identified for maintenance or strengthening and capacity gaps...
Capacity Development
The process by which people, organizations and society systematically stimulate and develop their capacities over time to achieve social and economic goals. It is a concept that extends the term of...
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety – supplements the “Convention on Biological Diversity”. Sets procedures for handling, identification of LMO (living modified organisms) in transboundary movements....
Casualties
Persons killed or physically or mentally injured by e.g. a CBRN accident or incident. See: victims
Casualty collection point (CCP)
Or holding point, place at the edge of the inner safety perimeter where casualties are brought to for decontamination examination, initial treatment and/or decontamination.
Causative agent
The organism or toxin that is responsible for causing a specific disease or harmful effect
CBRN
CBRN is an acronym for chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear issues that could harm the society through their accidental or deliberate release, dissemination, or impacts. The term CBRN is a...
CBRN resilience
Is the ability to reduce the risk from CBRN attacks (UK definition) or the capacity to anticipate risks and to limit their impact in order to return to the previous state (US definition).
CBRNE
Is an acronym which includes beside CBRN explosive substances or events.
Chemical effects
Possible consequences of exposure of humans to chemical substances, including: illness due to interference with the biological processes (toxicity); damage due to destruction of the body tissue (...
Chemical Warfare Agents (CWA)
A group of toxic substances developed for military use. They are intended to produce death or serious injury through their toxicological effects in exposed humans or animals and include
Chemical weapon
A weapon specifically designed to cause death or other harm through the toxic properties of chemicals. It consists of the substance or agent (CWA) and of some form of carrier or container (e.g....
Chemical Weapons Convention
The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) is an arms control agreement. The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling, and use of Chemical Weapons and on their destruction...
Chlorine
Chlorine (Cl2) is a toxic gas of characteristic stinging odour.
Civil Protection
Protection for people, their environment, property and cultural heritage in the event of natural or manmade crises and disasters.
Clinical decontamination
The process where contaminated not mobile casualties are treated individually by healthcare professionals using purpose designed decontamination equipment. Also called Stretcher decontamination,...
CLP Regulation
CLP Regulation - Regulation EC 1272/2008 for Classification, Labelling Packaging of Substances and Mixtures – Harmonizes rules in line with the UN Globally Harmonised system of Classification and...
CMR Substances
See: chemical effects
Command & Control
Activities of target oriented decision-making, situation assessment, planning, implementing decisions and controlling the effects of implementation on the incident.
Commission Regulation (EURATOM) No 302--2005
Commission Regulation (Euratom) No 302/2005 – Sets safeguards for civil ‘nuclear materials’ during the whole fuel cycle. Includes ores, source materials, special fissile materials, and ‘waste’, other...
Committed effective dose
A person irradiated by ionizing radiation outside the body will receive a dose only during the period of irradiation. However following an intake by ingestion or inhalation, some radionuclides...
Community of Practice
A platform and its members that facilitate and foster cooperation and synergies among Crisis Management professionals. A broad variety of stakeholders including practitioners, researchers, industry...
Competence
Demonstrated ability to apply knowledge and skills to achieve intended results.
Competence Framework
Structure that defines the competence of people within an organization.
Concentration limits
Concentration limits – or exposure limit values - most commonly used in Civil Protection are: AEGL, ERPG, IDLH and ETW.
Contagious
1. Capable of being transmitted by direct contact or by handling clothing, etc. from one person to another, one animal to another and between people and animals 2. Contaminated with the causative...
Containment (confinement)
Process by which possible release, discharge or spill of a toxic substance or the spread of an infectious agent during normal use or after an accident is prevented by appropriate action
Contamination
Presence or transfer of hazardous chemical, biological or radioactive substances / materials on humans, mobile and immobile objects, soil and water.
Contingency
Future event or circumstance that is regarded as likely to occur, or as influencing present action usually causing problems or making further plans and arrangements necessary.
Contingency planning
A management process that analyses disaster risks and establishes arrangements in advance to enable timely, effective and appropriate responses
Convention on Assistance in the Case of Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency
Convention on Assistance in the Case of Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency (1986) IAEA – Sets co-operation among States Parties and IAEA in case of nuclear accidents or radiological...
Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident
Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident (1986) IAEA – For nuclear or radioactive accidents involving facilities or activities. States must notify and report information about the event...
Convention on mutual assistance and cooperation between customs administrations
The purpose of the Convention – also called Naples II Convention - is the prevention, detection, prosecution and punishment of infringements of national and Community customs provisions through...
Convention on Nuclear Safety –– IAEA
Convention on Nuclear Safety – IAEA – 1994 - States operating land-based nuclear power plants must maintain a high level of safety by setting legal benchmarks and regulatory bodies for their...
Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material
Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material - IAEA - 1980 - Regulates international transport, domestic use storage and transport of nuclear material for peaceful purposes. Sets three...
Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents (UNECE) 1992
Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents (UNECE) 1992– In case of industrial accident (not radiological or nuclear), regulates States’ response, assistance, exchange of...
Coping Capacity
the ability of people, organizations and systems, using available skills and resources, to manage adverse conditions, risk or disasters. The capacity to cope requires continuing awareness, resources...
Council Decision 87/600/Euratom
Council Decision 87/600/Euratom– For early exchange of information in case of a radiological emergency. The Commission acts as a hub among National Authorities. The State where the emergency happened...
Council Directive 2006/117/Euratom
Council Directive 2006/117/EURATOM. Supervision and control of intra and extra Community shipments of radioactive waste and spent fuel, for disposal or reprocessing. Countries have to appoint...
Council Directive 2009/71/Euratom
Council Directive 2009/71/Euratom – establishing a Community framework for the nuclear safety of nuclear installations – It covers all civil nuclear facilities other than those with nuclear reactors...
Council Regulation (EC) No 428/2009
Council Regulation (EC) No 428/2009 sets up a Community regime for export, transfer, transit and brokering of dual use items. The items are listed in Annex I and Annex IV of the regulation. A secure...
Council Regulation (Euratom) No. 1493/93
Council Regulation (EURATOM) No. 1493/93. Shipments of sealed sources, radioactive waste are regulated by a system of prior declaration and confirmation by competent Authorities of each state....
Crisis Management
Holistic management process that identifies potential impacts that threaten an organization and provides a framework for building resilience, with the capability for an effective response that...
Crisis Management Function
Crisis management functions aim at achieving effects, e.g. coordination, a direction of effort, shared awareness, etc., in a crisis management system-of-systems. The “function” focuses on what is to...
Crisis Management Professional
Person with knowledge, experience or ability needed to effectively and timely respond to crisis in order to minimize damage to society.
Critical Infrastructure
An asset, system or part thereof located in Member States which is essential for the maintenance of vital societal functions, health, safety, security, economic or social well-being of people, and...
Critical Infrastructure
The physical structures, facilities, networks and other assets which provide services that are essential to the social and economic functioning of a community or society.
Curie
A Curie (Ci) is the unit corresponding to the activity of 1g of radium. It corresponds to 37 thousand million disintegrations per second. The Curie has been replaced by the Becquerel. See also: Units...
Cyanide
A cyanide (Hydrogen Cyanide: AC or Cyanogen Chloride CK) is a chemical compound that contains the cyano group.

D

D--value
The D value is the activity of a specified radionuclide which, if not under control, could cause severe health effects in the short term, including death, for a range of scenarios that include both...
Decay
The spontaneous transformation of one nuclide into a different nuclide. Decay may involve the emission of alpha particles, beta particles, neutrons and/or gamma rays from the nucleus. A decay process...
Decision No 2119/98/EC
Decision No 2119/98/EC – created a Community Network for the epidemiological surveillance and an Early Warning and Response System (EWRS – reshaped by Commission Decision 2000/57/EC). See ECDC
Decommission
The process of removing a nuclear facility from service by a reduction of the residual radioactivity to a level that permits the release of the property for unrestricted use or maintenance under the...
Decontamination
The reduction of C, B, R&N contamination of the surfaces of living organisms, soil, water or objects. See also: Responder Decontamination
Decontamination agent (humans)
a powder or liquid that can be applied to the skin. It absorbs and/or destroys the hazardous substance.
Decontamination area
The area where the decontamination is carried out. Set up at the border between inner and outer safety perimeter. All victims, personnel and equipment leaving the inner safety perimeter have to...
Decontamination examination
or triage, or decon-examination, process of assessment of casualties and allocation of priorities for decontamination and life support by medical or ambulance staff at the casualty collection point.
Depleted uranium
Depleted uranium is Uranium containing less of the isotope Uranium 235 than in the natural Uranium (0.72%). Depleted uranium delivers very low radiation doses per unit of mass. It has a high chemical...
Detection
In nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) environments, the act of locating CBRN hazards or discovering or perceiving the presence of (biological agents, diseases, etc.)
Diagnosis
The act or process of identifying or determining the nature and cause of a disease or injury through evaluation of patient history, examination of symptoms and signs, and review of laboratory data by...
Diphosgene
A colourless, highly toxic volatile liquid. Odour like phosgene.
Direct economic loss
The monetary value of total or partial destruction of physical assets existing in the affected area. Direct economic loss is nearly equivalent to physical damage
Directive 2008/98/EC on waste
Directive 2008/98/EC on waste. Regulates the waste-cycle, from the health protection point of view, including recycling. Refers to the European Waste Catalogue (EWC), (Directive2000/532/EC)....
Directive 2010/80/EU
Directive 2010/80/EU – List of defence related products Items listed on the Common Military List of the European Union (CMLEU) shall be subject to authorisation and licensing procedure. CMLEU...
Directive on the control of high--activity sealed radioactive sources and orphan sources
Council Directive 2003/122/EURATOM on the control of high-activity sealed radioactive sources and orphan sources. The Directive regulates marking and traceability of high activity sources, recovering...
Dirty bomb
Uses the force of conventional explosives to scatter chemical, biological and or radioactive substances/material. The device is intended to cause contamination, economic and physical harm. See also:...
Disaster
A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society at any scale due to hazardous events interacting with conditions of exposure, vulnerability and capacity, leading to one or more of...
Disaster loss database
A set of systematically collected records about disaster occurrence, damages, losses and impacts, compliant with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 monitoring minimum...
Disaster management
The organization, planning and application of measures preparing for, responding to and recovering from disasters
Disaster resilience
The capacity of a system, community or society potentially exposed to hazards to adapt, by resisting or changing in order to reach and maintain an acceptable level of functioning and structure.
Disaster risk
The potential loss of life, injury, or destroyed or damaged assets which could occur to a system, society or a community in a specific period of time, determined probabilistically as a function of...
Disaster risk assessment
A qualitative or quantitative approach to determine the nature and extent of disaster risk by analysing potential hazards and evaluating existing conditions of exposure and vulnerability that...
Disaster risk governance
The system of institutions, mechanisms, policy and legal frameworks and other arrangements to guide, coordinate and oversee disaster risk reduction and related areas of policy.
Disaster risk information
Comprehensive information on all dimensions of disaster risk, including hazards, exposure, vulnerability and capacity, related to persons, communities, organizations and countries and their assets
Disaster risk management
Disaster risk management is the application of disaster risk reduction policies and strategies to prevent new disaster risk, reduce existing disaster risk and manage residual risk, contributing to...
Disaster risk reduction
Disaster risk reduction is aimed at preventing new and reducing existing disaster risk and managing residual risk, all of which contribute to strengthening resilience and therefore to the achievement...
Disease
An unhealthy condition of the body (or a part of it) or the mind (illness, sickness) presented by symptoms peculiar to it. Chronic diseases are diseases of long duration (3 months or more) and...
Disinfection
The necessary process of destruction and killing of pathogenic and other kinds of microorganisms by physical or chemical means. Disinfection is less effective than sterilization; it does not ensure...
Dispersion
Spread of radioactive particles, chemical substances or biological agents. Parameters such as weather (especially temperature and wind), substance properties (like volatility and specific weight:...
Dissemination
A spreading abroad for some fixed purpose or with some definite effect, e.g. disease progression by expanding step by step in a population
Dose
See Dose C&B, Dose RN and Absorbed radiation dose
Dose C&B
Is the absorbed dose, measured in weight (gram, milligram or μg)
Dose RN
A general term for the amount of radiation absorbed over a period of time. See also: Absorbed radiation dose, Lethal dose
Dry Run 1
First rehearsal of a Trial, focusing on the technical integration of solutions, reference implementation of the Test-bed, and scenario validation; it also serves as a readiness review to approve the...
Dry Run 2
Full scale rehearsal of a Trial without external end-users participation, aimed at detection of technical issues and last second fine-tuning; Dry Run 2 is organised as a complete mirror of the Trial.
Dual use--item
Items, including software and technology, which can be used both for civil and military purposes. It includes all items, which can be used in the manufacture of weapons. A list of controlled dual-use...

E

Early warning system
An integrated system of hazard monitoring, forecasting and prediction, disaster risk assessment, communication and preparedness activities systems and processes that enables individuals, communities...
ECDC
ECDC - European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control – (Regulation 851/2004) Agency to identify, assess, threats to human health from communicable diseases. Monitors and ensures the integrated...
ECHA
ECHA - European Chemicals Agency. The Helsinki-based ECHA opened for business in June 2008. ECHA manages the EU's Registration Evaluation and Authorisation and Restriction of Chemical Substances (...
ECHEM Portal OECD
eChem Portal OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development). Public database and search engine in other participating databases. Gives access to information on properties of chemicals (...
Economic loss
Total economic impact that consists of direct economic loss and indirect economic loss.
ECURIE
European Community Urgent Radiological Information Exchange (ECURIE) - system for early notification and exchange of information in case of radiological or nuclear emergency. Nationally operated by a...
Effective dose coefficient
The radiotoxicity of a nuclide is determined by its effective dose coefficient e(T), which accounts for radiation and tissue weighting factors, metabolic and biokinetic information. The quantity T is...
Electron
An electron is a stable subatomic particle that has a negative electrical charge.
Emergency Management
The organization and management of resources and responsibilities for addressing all aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and initial recovery steps.
Emergency response unit (ERU)
A team of trained technical specialists, ready to be deployed at short notice, which uses pre-packed sets of standardized equipment. ERUs are present at different scales and often have different...
End User
Individual person who ultimately benefits from the outcomes of the system.
Endemic
The continual, low-level and low-frequency presence of disease in a community or an infectious agent within a given geographic region or population (human, animal or plant).
Epidemic
The occurrence of more cases and fast spreading of a disease than would be expected in a given area or among a specific group of people during a given time period. An epidemic is not a...
Epidemiology
The study of the incidence and distribution of diseases, and of their control and prevention
Epizootic
An outbreak or epidemic of disease in animal populations affecting many animals of one kind at the same time, e.g. avian flu in fowl, foot and mouth disease in cattle
Equivalent Dose RN
The equivalent dose is used to reflect the damage done in biological systems by different types of radiation. It is expressed by the absorbed dose multiplied with a factor which depends on the type...
ERPG
Emergency Response Planning Guidelines (ERPG) are air concentration guidelines for single exposures to agents and are intended for use as tools to assess the adequacy of accident prevention and...
ESIS
See European Chemical Substances Information System
ETW
See: AEGL-2
EU CBRN--Action Plan
Developed by DG HOME of the JRC EU CBRNe Glossary, with the overall goal to reduce the threat and damage from CBRN incidents to the citizens of the European Union.
EU WMD--MC
EU WMD-MC – Council of the European Union - Weapons of Mass Destruction Monitoring Centre –Coordination centre for the EU actions against trafficking and proliferation of weapons of mass destructions...
EURDEP
EURDEP - European Radiological Data Exchange Platform - Network for exchanging automatic monitoring data. (Recommendation 2000/473/Euratom).
European Chemical Substances Information System
European Chemical Substances Information System (ESIS) – Pre-Reach System (Directive 67/548/EEC as amended) providing details on chemicals. Main sub databases: EINECS (European Inventory of Existing...
Euvac.net
Euvac.net - European surveillance network for vaccine-preventable diseases. (Decision No. 2119/98/EC) Co-founded by ECDC as a network for the epidemiological surveillance and control of communicable...
Evacuation
Moving people and assets temporarily to safer places before, during or after the occurrence of a hazardous event in order to protect them.
Evaluation
Process of estimating the effectiveness, efficiency, utility and relevance of a service or facility.
Exemption Levels RN
Radioactivity levels are established by a regulatory body, expressed in activity concentration, total activity, dose rate or radiation energy. Below a certain level a source of radiation may be...
Exercise
Process to train for, assess, practise and improve performance in an organization.
Exposure
The situation of people, infrastructure, housing, production capacities and other tangible human assets located in hazard-prone areas.
Exposure
Process by which a CBRN substance/material becomes available for absorption, swallowing, breathing, toughing the skin or eyes to humans.
Extensive disaster risk
The risk of low-severity, high-frequency hazardous events and disasters, mainly but not exclusively associated with highly localized hazards

F

FFP Masks
Filtering Facepiece Particle masks are respiratory protection of high quality against dust, solid and liquid aerosol.
Find
A method of discovery involving accidental find of uncontrolled material, which is not deliberately searched for, and without the use of radiation detection equipment (e.g. orphan source).
Fissile material
In nuclear engineering, a fissile material is one that is capable of sustaining a chain reaction of nuclear fission. In the arms control context, the term "fissile" is used to describe materials that...
Flammability
Measure of how easily a material ignites at normal temperatures.
Food terrorism
An act or threat of deliberate contamination of food and feed with chemical, biological or radio nuclear agents for the purpose of causing injury or death to civilian population and/or disrupting...
Foodborne disease
A disease of an infectious or toxic nature caused by or thought to be caused by the consumption of food or water

G

Gamma radiation
Gamma rays are a type of high energy ionizing radiation which may be emitted in the process of spontaneous disintegration of unstable atomic nuclei. Gamma photons have about 10,000 times as much...
Gap
Difference between the existing capabilities of responders and what was actually needed for effective and
GHS
The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals or GHS is an internationally agreed upon system set to replace the various different classification and labelling standards...
Gray (Gy)
Gray (Gy) is the SI measurement unit of absorbed radiation dose due to ionizing radiation (1 Gy = 100 rad=1J/kg).

H

Half--life
The time in which one half of the atoms of a particular radioactive element disintegrate measured in time units (seconds, days, years millenniums)
Harmful substance
Substance that, following contact with an organism can cause illness or adverse effects either at the time of exposure or later in the life of the present and future generations
Hazard
An accidental or naturally occurring phenomenon with the potential to cause physical or psychological harm to humans including loss of life, damage or losses of property, and/or disruption to the...
Hazard
Hazard is defined as a human process, phenomenon or activity that can result in loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental...
Hazardous event
The manifestation of a hazard in a particular place during a particular period of time.
HAZMAT
Is an acronym for hazardous materials. See also: hazard
Health effect
Health effects or health impacts are changes in health or any derivation in the normal function resulting from exposure to an external agent, source or stimuli. Health effects are an important...
Health hazard
Any factor or exposure that may adversely affect health
Hedis
Hedis – EU Web-based portal for disease outbreaks and health emergencies. For each new crisis a dedicated sub-portal is generated with information related to the threat (actors, maps, actions. Has an...
Host
A person or an animal that can be infected by an infectious agent under natural (as opposed to experimental) conditions.
Hot zone
See: Inner safety perimeter
HPVC
High production volume chemicals, they are placed on the market in volumes greater than 1.000 tonnes per year.

I

IAEA
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an UN organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear...
Identification
The clear and qualitative determination of which CBRN substance/material is present.
IDLH
Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) is a reference threshold defined by the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Concentrations below IDLH shall allow...
Illicit trafficking of RN materials
The unauthorized receipt, possession, use, transfer or disposal of nuclear materials and other radioactive sources, whether intentional or unintentional and with or without crossing international...
Impact
The strong and noticeable effect or influence on something or someone. In the context with CBRN often used to describe the effect of a CBRN release.
Incapacitating agent
Psychoactive agent that produces temporary physiological or mental effects, or both, which may persist for hours or days after exposure, rendering individuals incapable of concerted effort in...
Incidence
Number of new cases of illness commencing, or of persons falling ill, during a given period in a specific population: usually expressed as a rate.
Incident commander
The responsibilities of commanders in police, fire brigade and medical services and the organisational structure of cooperation between the partners differ from state to state. Please contact your...
Incubation period
The time from the moment of inoculation (exposure to the infecting organism or toxin) to the appearance of clinical manifestations (onset of disease) of a particular infectious disease.
Indirect economic loss
A decline in economic value added as a consequence of direct economic loss and/or human and environmental impacts
INES
The International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES) is a tool for promptly communicating to the public nuclear accidents. Each increasing level is ten times more severe than the previous...
Infectious / infectious agent
Is a biological agent such as viruses, bacteria, prion, parasites, or fungus that causes disease to its host (pathogen)
Infectious dose 50% (ID50)
Infectious dose (ID) is the amount of pathogen (measured in number of microorganisms) required to cause an infection in the host. Infectious dose 50% (ID 50) is the amount of pathogen (quantity or...
Inner Safety Perimeter
Or danger zone or hot zone. Most hazardous zone where the initial CBRN release occurs or – in the direction of wind - disperses to. Only emergency response personnel wearing appropriate PPE is...
Innovation
Implementation of a new or significantly improved product (good or service), or process, new marketing method, or new organizational method in business practices, workplace organization or external...
Insecticides
Any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or lessening the damage of any insects. Insecticides particularly toxic to humans are e.g. organophosphates or...
Intended use
The use of substances according to their designated purposes e.g. a chemical for synthesis or as a dyestuff or e.g. bacteria for the production of cheese.
Intensive disaster risk
The risk of high-severity, mid- to low-frequency disasters, mainly associated with major hazards
Intentional use
Is the deliberate, malicious use of CBRN substances/materials with the intention to harm the society.
International Convention for the Suppression of acts of Nuclear Terrorism
Under this UN Convention of 2005, States have an obligation to criminalize a wide range of activities involving nuclear or other radioactive material. Article 2.1 establishes as offences the unlawful...
Interoperability
The ability of diverse systems and organisations to work together, i.e. to interoperate.
Ion mobility spectrometer
Abbreviation: IMS. Measurement device for the detection of chemical contamination in very low concentrations (ppb to some ppm). Very effective in detecting and identifying Chemical Warfare Agents.
Ionizing radiation
Ionizing radiation is radiation with enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from the orbit of an atom, causing the atom to become charged or ionized. Examples are alpha particles, gamma rays...
Isotope
Different forms of an element (or types of atom) having the same number of protons in their nuclei but a different number of neutrons. Isotopes of the same element have identical chemical properties...

J

Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management
Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management – IAEA – 1997 Covers management, transboundary movements , disposal of spent fuel and spent...

K

Key component
See: precursor
Key Performance Indicator
Key performance indicator (KPI) is a quantifiable measure that an organization (person or group of people that has its own functions with responsibilities, authorities and relationships to achieve...

L

Labels
To give first information, labels of dangerous substances provide a description of the content; a pictogram and a short hazard description. See GHS, Type "A" package
Latency
The time delay between exposure and begin of symptoms.
Legacy System
(Crisis management) system currently in operational use.
Lessons Learning Process
Distributing the problem information to the whole project and organization as well as other related projects
Lethal dose
Amount of a substance or physical agent (radiation) that causes death when taken into the body by a single absorption (denoted by LD). The median lethal dose, LD50, is the dose required to kill half...
Lethality
The fact of something being lethal; the ability of something to kill 2. The rate of death of organisms exposed to a toxic substance or radiation.
Lewisite
Lewisite is an organo-arsenic compound. Pure Lewisite is colourless and odourless. Technical grade of lewisite is a yellow or brown liquid with a distinctive odour that has been described as similar...
Localisation
Localisation is the exact place of a CBRN contamination or the presence of a nuclear or other radioactive source.
LPVC
Low production volume chemicals. They are Chemicals placed on the market in volumes between 10 tonnes and 1.000 tonnes per year per producer/importer.

M

Mass decontamination
The planned and structured procedure using purpose designed decontamination equipment used in the vicinity of a C, B or R&N incident for the decontamination of a large number of casualties.
MedISys
MedISys (Medical Intelligence System) EU internet monitoring and analysis system. Identifies potential threats to public health. ‘Threats’ can be chemical, biological and radionuclear, and include...
MIC
MIC – Monitoring and Information Centre – EU tool of the “Community Mechanism for Civil Protection” (European Civil Protection - Council Decision 2007/779/EC - EURATOM). Has a 24/7 communication hub...
Microorganism
Any organism, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites and some fungi that can be seen only with a microscope.
Mitigation
The lessening or minimizing of the adverse impacts of a hazardous event
Monitoring
A continuous or periodic process of qualitatively or quantitatively determining the presence or absence of CBRN substances.
Morbidity
The proportion of sickness or of a specific disease in a geographical locality. Morbidity can be measured in terms of three units: 1. Proportion of persons who are ill in a given population, 2. The...
Mortality rate
The number of deaths in a given population or subpopulation in a given period.
Multilateral Export control Regimes
Multilateral Export Control Regimes (MECR) are systems coordinating national policies on export controls: Australia Group (1985) – common lists for dual use chemical manufacturing facilities,...
Mustard
See: Sulphur mustard

N

Naples II Convention
See: Convention on mutual assistance and cooperation between customs administrations
National platform for disaster risk reduction
A generic term for national mechanisms for coordination and policy guidance on disaster risk reduction that are multisectoral and interdisciplinary in nature, with public, private and civil society...
Natural Hazard
Natural hazards are naturally occurring physical phenomena caused either by rapid or slow onset events which can be geophysical (earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis and volcanic activity), hydrological...
Need
Prerequisite identified as necessary to achieve an intended outcome, implied or stated.
Nerve Agents
Nerve agents represent a group of chemical warfare agents.
Neutron
It is an elementary particle and part of the atom. It has no electrical charge.
NORM
Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM). Radioactive material containing no significant amounts of radionuclides other than naturally occurring radionuclides, such us uranium, thorium,...
NPT
NPT – Treaty on the non proliferation of nuclear weapons – IAEA (1968) – is a treaty to limit the spread (proliferation) of nuclear weapons. Currently there are 189 states party to the treaty, five...
Nuclear attribution
The process of tracing the origin of nuclear or radioactive material used in illegal activities, to determine the point of origin and routes of transit involving such material, and ultimately to...
Nuclear forensics
The analysis of intercepted illicit nuclear or radioactive material and any associated material to provide evidence for nuclear attribution.
Nuclear material
Nuclear material refers to uranium, plutonium, and thorium, in any form. This is differentiated further into "source material", consisting of natural and depleted uranium, and "special fissionable...
Nuclear Medicine
Nuclear medicine is a branch of medicine and medical imaging that uses radionuclide and relies on the process of radioactive decay in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases (i.e. radiotherapy).
Nuclear Safeguards
The safeguards system comprises an extensive set of technical measures to verify the correctness and the completeness of the declarations made by States about their nuclear material and activities....
Nuclear security
Implementation of the Nuclear Security covers three areas: Prevention to protect nuclear and other radioactive material and facilities and transports from malicious acts. Detection of and response to...
Nuclide
A species of atom, characterized by its mass number A, atomic number Z, and nuclear energy state. Radioactive nuclides are referred to as radionuclides or radioisotopes.

O

Observation
Method of data collection in which the situation of interest is watched and the relevant facts, actions and behaviours are recorded
Observer
Participant who witnesses the exercise while remaining separate from exercise activities. (Observers may be part of the evaluation process).
Occurrence (case)
In epidemiological terms means frequency of a disease without defining incidence or prevalence.
OECD Chemical Safety, Directories and Databases on Chemicals
OECD Chemical Safety, Directories and Databases on Chemicals – portal grouping databases divided per typology of substance. Some entries are: • EXICHEM (Existing Chemicals) Pointer Database (replaced...
Operator
Person engaged in task performance, considered as a monitoring, controlling or directing element in a system or process capable of a dynamic response to system inputs and disturbances.
Organisation
Person or group of people that has its own functions with responsibilities, authorities and relationships to achieve its objectives.
Origin of infection
Source of an infectious disease, for example a sick person or animal, a germ carrier (in the incubation period), permanent shedders or non-living pathogen reservoirs (water, soil, dust, food) from...
Orphan source
The term "orphan source" generally refers to a source which poses sufficient radiological hazard to warrant regulatory control, but which is not under regulatory control because: • It is in an...
Outbreak
Synonymous with "epidemic". The term is alternatively used to describe a localised (as opposed to generalised) epidemic.
Outer Safety Perimeter
Or shut-off zone. The area where the rescue service personnel mainly work. Unauthorised entry is prohibited. No special PPE is necessary in this area. Without detailed information about the situation...

P

Pandemic
An epidemic occurring over a very wide area (countries or continents) and usually affecting a large proportion of the population (human and/or animals).
Panzootic
Is a pandemic in animals, a disease that is spread over large distances across many continents, and affects a significant portion of the animal population.
Pathogen / pathogenic agent
The ability of an organism or infectious particle causing serious disease or illness to its host (humans, animals or plants).
Pathogenicity
The quality of infectious agents to produce pathological changes or disease.
Percutaneous
Through the skin. Refers to route of entry of a substance into the body.
Persistency
Resistance of substances against chemical or biological degradation. Substances with high persistence can contaminate areas for a long period if no decontamination measures are taken.
Photo ionisation detector
Abbreviation: PID. Measurement device for the detection of chemical vapours in the air. Allows detection of a broad range of TICs, in particular organic substances, and gives information about...
Physical State
Qualitatively different appearances of substances, i.e. solid, liquid, gaseous. The Physical state of a substance depends on the actual temperature and pressure.
Phytopathology
The scientific study of plant diseases and their control caused by pathogens (infectious diseases) and environmental conditions
Plutonium
The chemical element plutonium (Pu) is a radioactive element with the atomic number 94, produced when uranium is irradiated in a reactor. It is used primarily in nuclear weapons and, along with...
Polonium
The chemical element Polonium (Po), atomic number 84, is a silver-gray semi-metal. This highly radioactive element occurs in uranium ores.
PPE
Abbreviation for Personal Protective Equipment. Specialised equipment consisting of respiratory protection, protective suit, hard hats, boots and gloves. To be worn by staff during work to prevent...
Practitioner
See "Crisis Management Professional"
Precursor
Any chemical reactant, which takes part in the production of a toxic chemical, is a precursor. The most important precursor is called key component. See also: toxic chemical
Preparedness
The knowledge and capacities developed by governments, response and recovery organizations, communities and individuals to effectively anticipate, respond to and recover from the impacts of likely,...
Prevalence
Number of instances of disease cases (new and existing) in a given population at a designated time
Prevention
All medical measures, health or other actions (e.g. social, political, economic) that reduce exposure or other risks, prevent the onset of a disease or a health event or limit the development,...
Prevention
activities and measures to avoid existing and new disaster risks. Prevention expresses the concept and intention to completely avoid potential adverse impacts of hazardous events. While certain...
Prevention RN
In the RN field, the term “prevention” is also used to describe the first line of protection against nuclear terrorism. Prevention includes measures to protect nuclear and other radioactive materials...
Preventive medicine (prophylaxis)
Preventive medicine or preventive care refers to measures taken to avert and avoid diseases (or injuries) rather than curing them or treating their symptoms.
Public Awareness
Person with knowledge, experience or ability needed to effectively and timely respond to crisis in order to minimize damage to society.

Q

Quarantine
Enforced isolation or restriction of free movement imposed to prevent the spread of contagious disease to others, alternatively, to isolate a person who does not have a disease during a disease...

R

Radiation
Radiation is a form of energy. There are two basic types of radiation: ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. The difference between these two types is the amount of energy they have. Ionizing...
Radioactive material
Material containing radioactive isotopes that give off radiation as they decay. A report of IAEA defines: “radioactive material shall mean any material having a specific activity greater than 70...
Radioactive source
A radioactive source can be of natural or artificial origin (manufactured source). A manufactured source of radiation is typically used for industrial, research, or medical applications, i.e. Iodine-...
Radioactivity
The spontaneous emission of radiation, generally alpha particles or beta particles, often accompanied by gamma rays, from the nucleus of an unstable isotope; also, the rate at which radioactive...
Radioisotope
Radionuclides are often referred by physicists as radioisotopes in nuclear medicine.
Radiological dispersion device (RDD)
A device that spreads radioactive material by exploding a conventional (non-nuclear) explosive. See also: dirty bomb, TIR
Radionuclide
An isotope of an element that decays or disintegrates spontaneously, emitting radiation. Approximately 3000 natural and artificial radioisotopes have been identified. See: NORM, Nuclear medicine
Radiotoxicity
The radiotoxicity (as opposed to chemical toxicity) of a substance refers to its potential capacity to cause damage to living tissue due to its ionizing radiation. See also: Effective dose coefficient
RAS--Bichat
The Rapid Alert System-Task Force on Biological and Chemical Agent Attack (RAS-Bichat) – EU programme for cooperation on preparedness and response. Mechanism for information exchange, consultation...
REACH
Reach - Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council (1907/2006) - it standardizes the registration, evaluation, authorisation and restriction of all already existing (phase-in) and new (...
Reactivity
A substance's tendency to undergo chemical reactions. The opposite of reactive is inert.
Reconstruction
The medium- and long-term rebuilding and sustainable restoration of resilient critical infrastructures, services, housing, facilities and livelihoods required for the full functioning of a community...
Recontamination
The post-process introduction of a biological contaminant into a product, a substance or on an object after it has been effectively sterilised.
Recovery
The restoring or improving of livelihoods and health, as well as economic, physical, social, cultural and environmental assets, systems and activities, of a disaster-affected community or society,...
Regulation (EC) No 689/2008
Regulation (EC) No 689/2008. Implemented the Rotterdam Convention, involving • some of the chemicals subject to the prior informed consent (PIC) procedure, • some hazardous chemicals banned or...
Rehabilitation
The restoration of basic services and facilities for the functioning of a community or a society affected by a disaster.
Rescue
Is the assisted removal of people unable to remove themselves from an area of greatest danger to a place of relative or complete safety.
Research Ethics
The ethics of the planning, conduct, and reporting of research; this pertains in particular to rules and
Reservoir
Any host or carrier that harbours pathogenic organisms, without injury to itself and serves as a source from which other susceptible hosts can be infected. The infectious agent primarily depends on...
Residual risk
guidelines for the participation and protection of individuals taking part in the research activities.
Resilience
The ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate, adapt to, transform and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner,...
Resilience Assessment
It is one of the functions of the RESILOC Cloud Platform that allows resilience experts to obtain different resilience outcomes (i.e. resilience dimensions) based on hypothetical evolutions/scenarios...
Resolution 1540
Resolution 1540 (United Nations Security Council - Non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction 2004) – UN Member States must impede non-State actors to develop, acquire, manufacture, possess,...
Respiratory protection
Two types of devices provide respiratory protection: the air purifying respirator by using various kinds of filters (see FFP masks) and the air-supplied respirator providing clean, respirable air...
Responder Decontamination
Preliminary cleaning of emergency personnel, including their clothing, other persons and equipment.
Response
Actions taken directly before, during or immediately after a disaster in order to save lives, reduce health impacts, ensure public safety and meet the basic subsistence needs of the people affected
Retrofiting
Reinforcement or upgrading of existing structures to become more resistant and resilient to the damaging effects of hazards.
Ricin
Toxin extract from plant (castor beans) listed in the Chemical Weapons Convention. Act as a poison.
Riot Control Agent
Riot control agents are compounds that cause temporary incapacitation by irritation of the eyes and irritation of the upper respiratory tract. They are often called irritants, irritating agents, and...
Risk
The effect of uncertainty on objectives. [standard term]
Risk
The probability of adverse effects caused by a hazardous phenomenon or substance in an organism, a population, or an ecological system.
Risk analysis
The process to comprehend the nature of risk and to determine the level of risk (ISO 2009) Risk analysis provides the basis for risk evaluation and decisions about risk treatment. Risk analysis...
Risk Assessment
Overall process of risk identification, risk analysis and risk evaluation.
Risk assessment
Overall process of hazard identification (identification of a risk source capable of causing adverse effects to humans or the environment) and hazard characterization (quantitative evaluation of the...
Risk Communication
Risk communication is the process of exchanging or sharing risk-related data, information and knowledge between and among different groups such as scientists, regulators, industry, consumers or the...
Risk Evaluation
The process of comparing the results of risk analysis with risk criteria to determine whether the risk and/or its magnitude are acceptable or tolerable (ISO 2009).
Risk factor
A variable that increases the probability of disease or harm to health (e.g. genetic makeup or personal history)
Risk management
A process that involves the planning and implementation of the actions and remedies required to avoid, reduce (prevent, adapt, mitigate), transfer or retain the risks
Risk Management
The process, distinct from risk assessment, of weighing policy alternatives, in consultation with all interested parties, considering risk assessment and other factors relevant for the health...
Risk population / Population at risk
Population likely to develop a given disease under given conditions.
Risk transfer
The process of formally or informally shifting the financial consequences of particular risks from one party to another, whereby a household, community, enterprise or State authority will obtain...
Rotterdam Convention
Rotterdam Convention on the prior informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade (1998) – Some banned or severely restricted chemicals and severely...

S

Safety perimeter
CBRN incidents require quick set up of a spatial structure. Safety perimeters are set up by the incident commander. The area of safety perimeters depends on specific situation (threat, weather...
Sample
A small part selected for inspection or analysis.
Sampling
The act, process, or technique of selecting a suitable sample; 1. the act, process, or technique small parts are taken as samples - following defined sampling procedures - for inspection or analysis...
Sarin (GB)
An organophosphate CWA (nerve-agent). In pure form clear, colourless and tasteless liquid without odour.
Scenario
Pre-planned storyline that drives an exercise, as well as the stimuli used to achieve exercise project performance objectives.
Secondary contamination
or cross-contamination: the exposure to hazardous substances through contact with contaminated people or objects.
Security
See Biosecurity, nuclear security
Self contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)
Is a respirator with face mask providing regular clean air compressed into cylinders carried on the user's back. See also: FFP
Seveso II –– Directive
SEVESO II – Directive 2003/105/EC - Regulates establishments where certain dangerous substances are processed or stored. The activity’s operator must set preventive measures, and provide information...
Shielding
Materials (lead, concrete, etc.) used to block or attenuate radiation in order to protect humans and equipment.
Sievert
The equivalent dose of radiation that harms human health due to its biological effects is measured in Sievert (Sv). It is defined by multiplying the absorbed radiation dose with a weighting factor...
Skill
Ability to perform a task or activity with a specific intended outcome acquired through education, training,
Societal Impact
Dimension of crisis management that refers to its unintended positive or negative impacts on different societal groups or society as a whole, as well as on its core values and societal principles as...
Societal Security
Protection of society from, and response to, incidents, emergencies and disasters caused by intentional and unintentional human acts, natural hazards, and technical failures.
Solution
A solution is a means that contributes to a crisis management function. A solution is either one or more processes or one or more tools with related procedures.
Soman (GD)
An organophosphate CWA (nerve-agent). In pure form clear, colourless to yellowish-brown liquid.
Special nuclear material (SNM)
Uranium enriched in the isotope Uranium-233 or Uranium-235 and Plutonium.
Specific protection measure
Any active action taken to protect oneself from the adverse effect of the exposure to or the contamination by substances or biological agents e.g. vaccination and preventive treatment See: Vaccine
Staging area
Also called tactical holding area (UK) or marshalling area (UK). A place where units, materials, etc are gathered before being called to the scene. Ambulances can park here.
Stockholm Convention
Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2001) UN. It regulates the production, use, import and export of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). These are chemical substances that...
Strain
An organism that is different from other organisms of the same species due to genetic differences, a genetic variant or subtype of a microorganism
Strategic Decision Maker
The individual who has the power and is tasked to take a strategic decision. These are elected officials, and high ranking personnel in response organizations / relevant authorities / agencies tasked...
Structural and non-structural measures
Structural measures are any physical construction to reduce or avoid possible impacts of hazards, or the application of engineering techniques or technology to achieve hazard resistance and...
Sulphur mustard
Synonyms: S-Lost, HD, Yperite. Pure sulphur mustards are colourless, viscous liquids at room temperature. See: Blister agent
Symptom
Any subjective evidence of a disease or an effect induced by a substance as perceived by the affected subject or evidenced by an observer.

T

Tabun (GA)
An organophosphate CWA (nerve agent). It is a clear, colourless, and tasteless liquid with a faint fruity odour.
Target population
1. Population or group to which the results of a study should be applicable; 2. Population or group to which/for whom an intervention or epidemiological health program is intended.
Tear agent
Or tear gas, see Riot control agent
Test Bed Infrastructure
The software tools and middleware to systematically create an appropriate (life and/or virtual) environment in which the trialling of solutions is carried out. The Test-bed infrastructure can enable...
Test tubes
Test tubes are simple analytical devices to determine the airborne concentration of chemical substances. More than 160 test tubes for different substances are available. Usually standard equipment of...
Test-Bed
The software tools, middleware and methodology to systematically conduct Trials and evaluate solutions within an appropriate environment. An “appropriate environment” is a testing environment (life...
Threat
The likelihood of occurrence of a hazard or event with a harmful effect. In contrast to risk, a threat is not related to the impact it may cause. In the context of public health, a threat is defined...
Threat assessment
Set of investigative and operational techniques that can be used by authorities to identify and examine vulnerable areas of the society and identify, assess, and manage the risks of targeted violence...
TIC
Toxic Industrial Chemicals, Chemicals used in industrial operations or research which have adverse effects on human health or on the environment if released. Some TICs can be used as CWA, e.g....
TIM
Toxic industrial material. Industry-associated materials with harmful effects on humans; they can be subdivided into toxic industrial biologicals (TIBs), toxic industrial chemicals (TICs) and toxic...
TIR
Toxic Industrial Radiologicals, radioactive materials used in industrial operations or research which have adverse effects on human health or on the environment if released. TIRs can be used as...
Tool
A device, equipment or piece of software used to carry out a particular process or procedure.
Toxic
Ability to cause injury to living organisms as a result of physicochemical, poisonous interaction.
Toxic chemical (CBRN)
The Chemicals Weapon Convention defines a toxic chemical as any chemical which through its chemical action on life processes can cause temporary incapacitation, permanent harm or death to humans or...
Toxicity
Toxicity is the degree to which a substance can damage an organism. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism or on a part of this organism, such as a cell (cytotoxicity) or an organ (...
Toxicodynamics
Toxicodynamics is the study of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of action of a poison. Simply stated, toxicodynamics is what the poison does to the body. The defining factors for any toxic...
Toxicokinetics
Toxicokinetics is the study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of a poison. Simply stated, toxicokinetics is what the body does to the poison.
Toxin
A complex and poisonous organic substance, especially a protein, that is produced naturally by living cells or organisms such as a microbe, animal or plant or synthetically. A Toxin is capable of...
Training
Activities designed to facilitate the learning and development of knowledge, skills, and abilities, and to improve the performance of specific tasks or roles.
Transferable risk
risks whose financial consequences can be formally or informally shifted from one party to another (adapted from UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2017)
Transport of dangerous goods, core Legislation
Adr2011 – (1957) - Unece United Nations Economic Commission for Europe - European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road: • Adn2009 – (2000) - Unece European...
Triage
See: Decontamination examination
Trial (Field Trial)
An event for systematically assessing solutions for current and emerging needs in such a way that practitioners can do this following a pragmatic and systematic approach.
Trial Action Plan (TAP)
The main Trial planning document, facilitating collaborative planning and supporting execution of the Trial. It covers all areas related to the Trial organization and is used to record efforts,...
Trial Guidance Methodology (TGM)
A structured approach from designing a Trial to evaluating the outcomes and identifying lessons learned.
Trial Guidance Tool (TGT)
A software tool that guides Trial design, execution and evaluation in a step-by-step way (according to the Trial Guidance Methodology) including as much of the necessary information as possible in...
Trigger list
A list of sensitive items to which export controls apply. See also Zangger Committee
Type "A" package
A transport package used for the transport of relatively small, but significant, quantities of radioactive material. The packages are required to maintain their integrity during normal transport...

U

UN Number
UN number is a four-digit number for the labelling of hazardous substances in international transport. Most hazardous substances possess an unique UN number (e.g. UN1017: chlorine). Some UN numbers...
Underlying disaster risk drivers
Processes or conditions, often development-related, that influence the level of disaster risk by increasing levels of exposure and vulnerability or reducing capacity
Units RN
See: Becquerel, Curie, Gray, Sievert
Uranium
Uranium (U) is very dense, heavy and silvery-white metal, found naturally as ore in deposits. It is composed of three major isotopes, uranium 238 (more than 99%), uranium 235 (0.72%), and uranium 234...
Uranium 235
Naturally occurring uranium contains 0.72% of Uranium 235 (235U). It is used to fuel nuclear reactors (3-5 % enrichment typically) or to produce nuclear weapons (90% or more enrichment). 235U is the...
Uranium 238
Naturally occurring uranium contains 99.284% of the Uranium 238 (238U) isotope. It is non fissile. See: Depleted Uranium

V

Vaccine
A suspension of attenuated or killed microorganisms. Vaccines are used to artificially induce immunity against a disease and thus prevent, meliorate or treat the infectious diseases but being...
Vapour
Synonym for the gaseous physical state of a substance that is normally a liquid at usual environmental temperatures. Vapours can like gases easily be dispersed over long distances.
Vapour Pressure
Property which describes a substances tendency to evaporate at a given temperature. It increases with increasing temperature. The higher the vapour pressure, the easier a substance can form vapours....
Vector
Any agent (person, animal, insect) that carries and transmits an infectious agent from one organism to another.
Vesicants
See blister agent
Victims
Victims in a CBRN event are exposed to CBRN substances but not necessarily injured. See: casualties
Virulence
1. Ability of a pathogen to multiply causing disturbances or injuries; 2. The degree of pathogenicity.
Virus
Living agents capable of reproducing only in a host cell and spreading disease by moving from host to host
Volatility
Tendency of a substance to evaporate and to form vapours. The volatility of a substance is described by its vapour pressure.
Volunteer
Individual, who is not affiliated with an existing incident response organization or voluntary organization but who, without extensive preplanning, offers support to the response to, and recovery...
Vomiting agent
A Riot control agent that produces nausea and vomiting effects. It can also cause coughing, sneezing, pain in the nose and throat, nasal discharge, and tears.
Vulnerability
The conditions determined by physical, social, economic and environmental factors or processes which increase the susceptibility of an individual, a community, assets or systems to the impacts of...
VX
The VX nerve agent is the most well-known of the V-series of nerve agents (CWA, Organophosphate).

W

Weapon--Grade
Nuclear material which is most suitable to making nuclear weapons, such as uranium when highly enriched (up to 93% of uranium 235) or plutonium whose isotopic content in 239Pu exceeds 90%.
Weapons of Mass destruction
WMD - Weapons of Mass destruction - are chemical, biological, nuclear or large explosive munitions with the capacity to kill large numbers of human beings. See: Resolution 1540, EU-WMD-MC
World Health Assembly Resolution (2005)
WHA.58.1 – 2005 World Health Assembly Resolution – Sets World Health Organization’s collaboration with other international agencies for reducing the public health impact of emergencies, disasters,...

X

X--rays
or Roentgen-rays, penetrating electromagnetic radiation, which has wavelengths much shorter than those of visible light. X-rays are emitted by electrons, outside the nucleus of an atom, as they (the...

Z

Zangger Committee
The committee drafted a trigger list to specify the nuclear equipment subject to safeguards verification under the provisions of NPT article III.2.
Zoonosis
Disease or infection that is transmitted naturally between vertebrate animals and human vice versa